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The well-to-wheels (WTW), commonly used in the Energy and Transport sectors: this is a simplified LCA considering the emissions of the process itself, the emissions due to the extraction and refining of the material (or fuel) used in the process (also "Upstream emissions"), but excluding the emissions due to the production and end-of-life of plants and machineries.This is a quite complex method, requiring a big set of variables. The whole life-cycle assessment (LCA): this includes not only the carbon emissions due to a specific process, but also those due to the production and end-of-life of materials, plants and machineries used for the considered process.Among the most used methodologies there are: 9 Well-to-refinery CI of all major active oil fields globallyÄifferent methodologies can be used to assess the carbon intensity of a process.6 Emission factors for air pollutant inventory reporting.5 Emission factors for greenhouse gas inventory reporting.One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour ( CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. See also: Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sourcesĪn emission intensity (also carbon intensity, C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).